This study was conducted during summer and winter of 2018- 2019 in the agricultural research field of Shahid Chamran University. Experimental design was split- plot based on RCBD with three replications. The main plot was the type of agricultural system in three levels including conventional (Conv), organic (Org) and sustainable (Sust) (integrated between Conv and Org) and sup- plot was the type of pre- cultivated crop in sequence with wheat including cultivation of mung bean (M- W), corn (C- W), sesame (S- W) and fallow (F- W). Yield quantity (yield and its component) and quality (grain protein), an estimate of photosynthesis matter transfer index of wheat and soil organic carbon (SOC) after one double-cropping were measured. The result showed that the highest (545.04 g/m2) and the lowest (409.28 g/m2) seed yields were obtained in Conv and Org respectively. In contract, with the changing type of system from Conv to Org, grain protein was increased significantly (from 8.3 to 9.6 %). In addition, the highest (535.47 g/m2) yield of wheat was obtained from M- W double cropping. On the other hands the highest remobilization and current photosynthesis matter were obtained in the organic agricultural system with M- W and conventional with M- W double cropping. The situation of SOC showed that the highest (33.18 mg/g) SOC was obtained in the organic agricultural system with C- W double cropping. The reason for improving SOC in the organic and sustainable agricultural system was application of organic matter (compost and vermicompost) and crop residue management. Totally, from the crop ecology point of view, sustainable agricultural method with a sequence of M- W was the most desirable system.

For the seismic evaluation of structures, it is required to determine the Inelastic displacement ratio. Indeed, the Inelastic displacement ratio is one of the most important coefficients in codes which is used in force-based design method as well as in performance-based seismic engineering (Miranda, 2000a, b). This study attempts to evaluate the Inelastic displacement ratio,  for single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems that is defined as follows:

The effect of aftershocks on structures are not usually considered in seismic design codes. In addition to mainshock events, aftershocks can cause major damage to structures, especially to mainshock-damaged structures. Analysis of the characteristics of the mainshock, foreshocks, and aftershocks reveal differences in the ground motion parameters. Structures may undergo a variety of seismic waves with different characteristics that can increase the chance of seismic amplification. The present study examined the effects of aftershock as well as foreshocks events on the response of single degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems with nonlinear behavior. This allowed inclusion of possible differences during calculation of the response spectrum for cases having foreshock and aftershock effects and those excluding these effects. To this end, 38 mainshocks from different seismic regions with moment magnitudes (Mw) greater than 3.5 were used. More than 168 time acceleration histories from mainshock, aftershock, and foreshock events were applied to evaluate the effects of aftershocks and foreshocks on the response spectrum. The parameters of post-yield stiffness ratio (hardening and softening), ductility factor, period, and site classification were taken into account during 121,000 nonlinear analyses on 60 SDOF models. The results show that the aftershocks as well as foreshocks have a significant effect on the response spectrum, increasing the structural response. Consequently, the effect of aftershocks must be considered in the development of design spectra in seismic codes and guidelines.

Jerk, or jolt, is defined as the time derivative of acceleration. This study investigates the jerk response of Inelastic single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems subjected to pulse-like near-fault ground motions. Compared with ordinary non–pulse-like records, pulse-like motions can impose significantly higher demands on structures. In this work, constant-strength spectra for the jerk response of Inelastic SDOF systems are developed using a set of 91 pulse-like earthquakes. The influence of key structural parameters, including strength reduction factor, hysteretic behavior, and viscous damping ratio, is examined. The results show that jerk demands exhibit slightly higher sensitivity to viscous damping in the short, normalized period region than in the long-period region. Furthermore, an analytical equation is proposed to estimate jerk demand as a function of the ratio of elastic vibration period to pulse period and the strength reduction factor, for various hysteretic models and damping ratios.

In this paper, a new method is proposed for identification of Inelastic shear frame structures with hesteresis, using data collected on their dynamic response. It uses the Prandtl-Ishlinskii rate independent model for hysteresis, which was originally used in the field of plasticity and ferromagnetism. The proposed identification method is capable of identifying the mass, damping and restoring force of a frame structure, which can be used in forming the equations of motion of the frame. By solving the equations of motion, the dynamic response is predicted. The method is based on the combined use of Quadratic Programming (QP) and Genetic Algorithms (GA). First, assuming a set of Prandtl-Ishlinskii constants, the QP is used to find the best frame parameters that can be used in its equations of motion to predict its dynamic response with the minimum of error compared to the real data collected on its dynamic response, while the GA is used to find the best Prandtl-Ishlinskii constants for more reduction in error. The method has been applied to different frames with bilinear nonlinearity where the results show the high capability of the method. Two examples, a Single and a Multi Degree Of Freedom (SDOF and MDOF) frame, are included in the paper.

In order to carry out a nonlinear structural analysis, the actual behavior of members in nonlinear range of deformations must be known and considered. In this type of analysis, the said behavior must be in conformity with experimental observations. In the structures with tubular members such as jacket type offshore structures, two types of member behavior i.e. strut and portal may be observed. In this paper a nonlinear fiber element (Post buckling Beam Column Fiber Element) for the simulation of nonlinear responses of tubular members is formulated. This element is implemented in the non-linear program DRAIN-3DX. The results of this element are compared with available experimental and analytical models. They show satisfactory result for both strut and portal members.

Infilled materials affect characteristics of steel frames. This will considerably change the resistance, internal forces, period, and other characteristics of infilled steel frames, as compared with linearly behavior of steel frames. Therefore Inelastic behaviour of infilled materials and frames, especially after crack development, needs to be investigated. In this paper, a compatable model of ANSYS is used for nonlinear analysis of infilled frames. The results show the improvement of steel frames performances when infilled materials are used under some special provisions.

Compound-nucleus reactions provide the standard mechanism to populate states with high angular momentum in neutron deficient nuclei. Neutron-rich nuclei with mass A<150 can be studied in spontaneous and induced fission. Projectile fragmentation has proven to be an efficient method of populating nuclei far from the valley of stability. However, in the case of heavy nuclei this method is still limited to species with isomeric states. Deep-Inelastic reactions are another reaction mechanism which can be used to study neutronrich nuclei and are able to populate relatively high-spin states. In this article we compare the advantages and disadvantages of each method.

The main objective of this research is to develop a practical damage criterion based on pushover analysis. For this purpose, damage analysis is performed on several Reinforced Concrete Moment Resisting Frames (RCMRFs). In the static method, performance point of structures is firstly determined using capacity spectrum method and then values of several different damage indices are calculated at these points. By comparing the results of two methods and evaluating correlation between two sets, explicit damage relations are derived based on the static results.